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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Cholera01:25

Cholera

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

97
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Ebola Update.

Louise C O'Keefe1

  • 1The University of Alabama in Huntsville louise.okeefe@uah.edu.

Workplace Health & Safety
|October 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe illness that spreads through direct contact with body fluids. Early symptom recognition and travel history are key for identifying high-risk individuals in the US.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Ebola virus disease (EVD) first emerged in 1976.
  • The 2014 West Africa outbreak highlighted the rapid spread of EVD.
  • Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key considerations for identifying and managing Ebola virus disease.
  • To emphasize the importance of early recognition and diagnostic measures.
  • To inform healthcare professionals, particularly occupational health nurses, about EVD prevention and care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of EVD transmission, incubation period, and infectiousness.
  • Identification of risk factors for EVD in the United States.
Keywords:
acute illnessesbest practicescommunicable diseasesdisease preventionglobal occupational health

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  • Discussion of diagnostic tests, including complete blood count and metabolic profile.
  • Outline of recommended precautions and personal protective equipment (PPE).

    • Main Results:

    • EVD has an incubation period of 2 to 21 days and is infectious when symptomatic.
    • High-risk identification involves symptom recognition and travel history.
    • Standard, contact, and droplet precautions are essential for patient care.
    • No approved vaccines or antivirals exist, but trials are ongoing.

    Conclusions:

    • Early identification and prompt management are crucial for controlling EVD outbreaks.
    • Adherence to infection control protocols and appropriate PPE are vital.
    • Occupational health nurses are essential in educating employees about EVD risks and prevention.