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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

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After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
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Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

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Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport

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Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either...
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
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Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
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Transungual permeation: current insights.

Ronak S Bhuptani1, Ketaki M Deshpande1, Vandana B Patravale2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.

Drug Delivery and Translational Research
|October 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fungal nail infections (onychomycosis) significantly impact quality of life. Overcoming the nail barrier is key for effective topical treatments, with novel techniques showing promise for improved drug delivery.

Keywords:
Nail hydrationOnychomycosisTransungualUngual permeationUngual screening techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Nail disorders, particularly fungal infections (onychomycosis), cause physical discomfort and psychological distress, affecting patients' quality of life.
  • The nail plate presents a significant barrier to topical drug penetration, hindering the development of effective ungual formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review conventional and novel approaches for enhancing transungual drug delivery.
  • To discuss preformulation screening techniques for identifying potential ungual enhancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing and emerging strategies for overcoming the nail barrier.
  • Analysis of sophisticated techniques like iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy for improving drug permeation.
  • Description of preformulation screening methods for ungual enhancers.

Main Results:

  • Sophisticated techniques such as iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy demonstrate potential in improving transungual permeation.
  • Various preformulation screening techniques can identify enhancers to facilitate drug delivery through the nail barrier.

Conclusions:

  • Developing effective topical treatments for nail disorders requires overcoming the nail's inherent barrier properties.
  • Novel approaches and careful selection of enhancers are crucial for advancing ungual drug delivery and improving patient outcomes.