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What factors control superficial lava dome explosivity?

Georges Boudon1, Hélène Balcone-Boissard2, Benoît Villemant2

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Lava dome explosions are triggered by a rigid carapace forming on the dome surface. This impermeable layer forms due to gas escape and cristobalite precipitation, leading to dangerous overpressurization. This finding aids volcanic hazard management.

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Area of Science:

  • Volcanology
  • Geochemistry
  • Petrology

Background:

  • Dome-forming eruptions are common and hazardous worldwide.
  • Lava domes form from slow extrusion of viscous magma and can be destroyed by collapse or explosion.
  • The triggers for lava dome explosions are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new model for superficial lava dome explosivity.
  • To investigate the factors controlling lava dome explosions.

Main Methods:

  • Textural and geochemical analysis of eruption clasts.
  • Study of vesicularity, microcrystallinity, cristobalite, residual water, and crystal transit times.

Main Results:

  • Porosity reduction from vesicle flattening and cristobalite precipitation creates an impermeable carapace.
  • This carapace allows overpressurization by new magma input.
  • Explosions are more likely with smaller lava dome volumes and at the onset of extrusion.

Conclusions:

  • A rigid, impermeable carapace is key to superficial lava dome explosions.
  • Explosive activity is inversely related to lava dome volume.
  • This research improves understanding of volcanic hazards and risk management.