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Evolutionary Divergence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

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Genomic analysis reveals Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has distinct clades, differing in accessory genes and genomic islands. These genetic variations suggest unique adaptation strategies in the oral cavity, impacting periodontitis association.

Keywords:
aggressive periodontitisgenetic variationgenomic islandsgenomic structural variationhorizontal gene transferphylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Oral Health

Background:

  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral pathogen linked to periodontitis.
  • Significant genetic diversity exists among A. actinomycetemcomitans strains.
  • Understanding this heterogeneity is crucial for periodontitis research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive genomic analysis of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the related A. aphrophilus.
  • To investigate the genetic basis of heterogeneity within A. actinomycetemcomitans.
  • To explore evolutionary divergence and adaptation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome sequencing of 31 A. actinomycetemcomitans and 2 A. aphrophilus strains using Illumina MiSeq.
  • Sequence similarity analysis to identify core and accessory genes.
  • Phylogenetic analysis using concatenated core genes and genomic island identification.

Main Results:

  • Identified 3,220 unique genes (1,550 core, 1,670 accessory) across both species.
  • Phylogenetic analysis delineated A. aphrophilus from A. actinomycetemcomitans, which further divided into 5 clades.
  • Accessory genes, often in genomic islands acquired via horizontal gene transfer, varied significantly between clades. Clade e' strains lacked cytolethal distending toxin genes.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic divergence between A. aphrophilus and A. actinomycetemcomitans occurred through gene gain/loss.
  • A. actinomycetemcomitans diversified into clades with distinct gene repertoires and genomic islands.
  • These genetic differences likely contribute to clade-specific adaptation and virulence in the oral environment.