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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

Characteristics of Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
Before the wheelbarrow starts moving, the static frictional force acts tangentially to the contact surface, opposing the force that is about to induce the motion. This frictional force prevents the...
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Dry Friction01:30

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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

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Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
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Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
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In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

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An unusually dry story.

Srinivas Rajagopala1, Gurukiran Danigeti1, Dharanipragada Subrahmanyan1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|October 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This case study details a woman with rare primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) presenting with neurological and kidney issues. It emphasizes considering pSS in intensive care unit patients with complex, unexplained symptoms.

Keywords:
Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitisSjogren's syndromedistal renal tubular acidosishypokalemic paralysisnephrocalcinosisneuromyelitis optica

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders can present with diverse neurological deficits.
  • Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting exocrine glands but can have systemic manifestations.
  • Acute respiratory failure and quadriparesis necessitate urgent differential diagnosis in critically ill patients.

Observation:

  • A middle-aged woman with a history of CNS demyelination presented with acute quadriparesis and respiratory failure.
  • Investigations revealed distal renal tubular acidosis, hypokalemia, and nephrocalcinosis.
  • Despite treatment, neurological deficits persisted, revealing recurrent CNS and spinal cord demyelination with anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies.

Findings:

  • Elevated anti-Sjogren's syndrome A antigen antibodies and reduced salivary flow confirmed pSS.
  • Coexistent antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with inferior vena cava thrombosis was also diagnosed.
  • The patient lacked typical sicca symptoms (dry eyes or mouth).

Implications:

  • This case underscores rare, atypical presentations of pSS, including neurological and renal involvement, as initial symptoms.
  • It highlights the importance of considering pSS in the differential diagnosis for intensive care unit (ICU) patients with complex, multi-systemic presentations.
  • The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive autoimmune workups in critically ill patients with unexplained neurological and renal dysfunction.