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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis
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Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

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Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Development.

Jeny Shklover1, Flonia Levy-Adam1, Estee Kurant1

  • 1Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|October 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Efficient removal of apoptotic cells is vital for development. Model organisms reveal conserved mechanisms for phagocytosis, guiding new research directions in developmental biology.

Keywords:
ApoptosisCNSDevelopmentDrosophilaGliaPhagocytosisPhosphatidylserine

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Related Experiment Videos

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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death, specifically apoptosis, is essential for multicellular organism development, including morphogenesis and cell number regulation.
  • The efficient clearance of apoptotic cells via phagocytosis is a critical, conserved, yet complex process involving numerous redundant factors in mammals.
  • Understanding apoptotic cell removal is key to comprehending developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of apoptotic cell clearance during development.
  • To highlight the utility of genetic model organisms in studying developmental cell clearance.
  • To identify new research avenues opened by studies in genetic models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing genetic model organisms (C. elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse) for comprehensive studies.
  • Employing powerful genetics and cell biological tools.
  • Incorporating live imaging techniques to observe dynamic processes.

Main Results:

  • Model organism research has significantly advanced the understanding of apoptotic cell clearance.
  • Conserved evolutionary pathways for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells have been identified.
  • Redundancy in mammalian phagocytic pathways presents challenges and opportunities for research.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic models provide powerful platforms for dissecting fundamental questions in developmental cell clearance.
  • Continued research in these models promises to unveil novel insights into developmental biology.
  • The study of apoptotic cell clearance in model organisms opens new directions for future research.