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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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Characterizing Energy Expenditure During Sedentary Behavior After Stroke.

Olaf Verschuren1, Femke de Haan2, Gillian Mead3

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Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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Summary

Energy expenditure for people with stroke during sitting and standing is typically below 1.5 metabolic equivalent tasks (METs). However, wheelchair propulsion and walking exceed 1.5 METs, classifying them as light activities.

Keywords:
HealthRehabilitationSedentary lifestyleStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Sedentary behaviors are common after stroke, impacting recovery and health.
  • Understanding energy expenditure during these activities is crucial for rehabilitation planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify energy expenditure (METs) during near-sedentary activities in people with stroke.
  • To compare these values against the 1.5 MET threshold defining sedentary behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 27 individuals with stroke (mean age 61.0 years).
  • Energy expenditure measured via indirect calorimetry during lying, sitting, standing, wheelchair propulsion, and walking.
  • Activities categorized by Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC).

Main Results:

  • Sitting (supported/unsupported) averaged ~1.0-1.1 METs.
  • Standing averaged 1.3 METs, with FAC 0 participants averaging 1.6 METs.
  • Wheelchair propulsion averaged 1.9 METs, and walking averaged 2.5 METs, both exceeding 1.5 METs for all FAC.

Conclusions:

  • Sitting and standing energy expenditure is generally below 1.5 METs for most individuals with stroke.
  • Independent wheelchair propulsion and walking are considered light-intensity activities (≥1.5 METs) for people with stroke.
  • These findings inform activity recommendations and energy expenditure estimations in stroke rehabilitation.