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Related Concept Videos

Impact of Groups on Groups01:19

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Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
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Groups play a fundamental role in shaping individual behavior, as they establish norms that guide interactions and decision-making. Social psychology examines how individuals conform to group expectations, often adjusting their attitudes and actions to align with group norms. These norms can be formal, such as workplace policies, or informal, such as unspoken social expectations within a fraternity.Conformity and Social InfluenceConformity arises when individuals modify their behaviors or...
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In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Social Loafing01:37

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm
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The Globalization of Cooperative Groups.

Manuel Valdivieso1, Benjamin W Corn2, Janet E Dancey3

  • 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan; and SWOG, Executive Officer, Quality Assurance and International Initiatives, Ann Arbor, MI.

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Summary

International cancer clinical trials, primarily between US and Canadian groups, focus on patient accrual. Greater attention is needed for global collaborations studying unique cancers and overcoming barriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Global Health

Background:

  • National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported cooperative oncology research groups have a history of international collaboration.
  • Reciprocal collaborations are most frequent with Canada's national adult cancer clinical trial group (NCIC CTG).
  • International collaborations primarily enhance patient accrual for large phase III trials originating in the US or Canada.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the cooperative group experience in international cancer research.
  • To highlight the underrepresentation of cancers unique to regions outside North America.
  • To discuss barriers limiting global collaborations in cancer clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical international collaborations within NCI-supported cooperative groups.
  • Analysis of the utilization of international partnerships for patient accrual.
  • Identification of barriers affecting global cancer clinical trial participation.

Main Results:

  • International collaborations are predominantly utilized for increasing patient numbers in large phase III trials.
  • Cancers unique to Latin America, Asia, and Africa receive inadequate research attention within cooperative group settings.
  • Barriers include country-specific issues, financial constraints, and US drug distribution policies.

Conclusions:

  • International collaboration in cancer clinical trials is crucial but underutilized for diverse global oncology needs.
  • Future efforts should address barriers to foster broader and more inclusive global cancer research collaborations.
  • Greater consideration is needed to study unique cancers worldwide and expand cooperative group research internationally.