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Related Concept Videos

Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

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The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
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Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED
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Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED

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The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling.

Dianne S Schwarz1,2,3, Michael D Blower4,5

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|October 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle essential for cell functions. This review explores ER structure, dynamics, and the unanswered questions regarding its shape regulation in cells and organisms.

Keywords:
FertilizationInterphaseMitosisOrganizationPhosphorylationUnfolded protein response

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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium storage.
  • The ER's structure comprises distinct domains: tubules, sheets, and the nuclear envelope, each contributing to its diverse functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • To identify remaining questions regarding ER shape regulation in response to cellular and developmental cues.
  • To explore the regulatory mechanisms governing the dynamic nature of the ER.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ER structure and dynamics.
  • Analysis of identified proteins involved in ER architecture.
  • Discussion of cellular and organismal factors influencing ER morphology.

Main Results:

  • Several proteins contributing to ER architecture and dynamics have been identified.
  • Significant questions persist regarding how ER shape is modulated by cellular context, cell cycle, and development.
  • Coordinated cellular responses play a crucial role in regulating ER dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a highly dynamic organelle with complex regulatory mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand ER shape plasticity and its implications across different cellular states and organisms.
  • Understanding ER dynamics is key to comprehending fundamental cellular processes.