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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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Gene Positioning Effects on Expression in Eukaryotes.

Huy Q Nguyen1, Giovanni Bosco1

  • 1Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;

Annual Review of Genetics
|October 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene positioning within the eukaryotic nucleus is dynamic and influences gene expression. This review explores how genome organization levels control transcriptional status during interphase.

Keywords:
chromatin loopingnuclear organizationtranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Genome organization in eukaryotic interphase nuclei is crucial for gene expression.
  • The dynamic nature of genome structure and gene positioning impacts transcriptional control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on how gene positioning influences gene expression during interphase.
  • To explore gene positioning at various genome organization levels.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on genome organization and gene expression.
  • Analysis of chromatin looping, topologically associated domains, chromosome territories, and nuclear compartments.

Main Results:

  • Gene positioning is a dynamic and regulated feature of the eukaryotic genome.
  • Physical location of genes directly affects their transcriptional status.
  • Spatiotemporal regulation of genes is facilitated by their positioning.

Conclusions:

  • Genome packaging and organization are key determinants of gene expression.
  • Dynamic gene positioning provides essential spatiotemporal control over gene activity.