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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Internship and Empathy: Variations Across Time and Specialties.

Sameer K Avasarala1, Sarah Whitehouse1, Sean M Drake1

  • 1From the Departments of Internal Medicine, Medical Education, and Medicine Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.

Southern Medical Journal
|October 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Postgraduate residents

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education Research
  • Psychology
  • Empathy Studies

Background:

  • Assessing empathy in medical residents is crucial for patient care.
  • Interpersonal reactivity may vary across medical specialties.
  • Understanding these differences informs training and support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index scores) among first-year postgraduate residents across various specialties.
  • To analyze changes in empathy over the first postgraduate year.

Main Methods:

  • Web-based Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) survey administered to 94 first-year postgraduate residents across 11 specialties.
  • Specialties grouped for analysis (e.g., internal medicine vs. non-internal medicine, surgical vs. nonsurgical).

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  • Repeated-measures generalized-estimating equations used to analyze IRI subscales over time.

    • Main Results:

    • 74 residents completed the survey; response rates were consistent.
    • Internal medicine residents scored significantly higher on perspective-taking than non-internal medicine residents.
    • Male and female residents differed significantly in personal distress, but not over time.
    • No substantial decline in empathic concern was observed for internal medicine residents.

    Conclusions:

    • Internal medicine residents demonstrated higher perspective-taking skills compared to other specialties.
    • Empathy levels remained relatively stable throughout the first postgraduate year for most residents.
    • Findings suggest specialty-specific differences in certain aspects of empathy among early-career physicians.