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Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Performance evaluation of conventional and water saving taps.

A M Fidar1, F A Memon1, D Butler1

  • 1Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.

The Science of the Total Environment
|October 6, 2015
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Summary

Low flow taps do not necessarily reduce water consumption; user behavior significantly influences water usage more than tap technology. This study analyzed tap water consumption in buildings.

Keywords:
Carbon emissionsEnergy consumptionEvent durationLow flow ratesMicro-componentsTapsWater efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Urban Planning
  • Building Services Engineering

Background:

  • Urbanization increases pressure on water resources.
  • Building water consumption, particularly from taps, is a significant urban water use.
  • Evidence supporting the water-saving claims of low-flow taps is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate actual water consumption of electronic low-flow taps versus conventional mixer taps.
  • To analyze the influence of tap technology and user behavior on water consumption.
  • To provide data for estimating energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with hot water production.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted 13,000 high-resolution observations of tap water use.
  • Installed high-resolution flow meters and data loggers in washrooms at a higher education institution.
  • Recorded tap usage data including duration, frequency, and volume per use for both hot and cold water.

Main Results:

  • Low-flow taps exhibited greater mean water consumption per event compared to conventional taps.
  • User behavior was identified as a more significant factor in water consumption than tap technology.
  • Identified trends in hot and cold water usage patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption that low-flow taps reduce per capita water consumption requires further evidence.
  • Water conservation strategies should consider user behavior alongside technological interventions.
  • Data collected can inform energy efficiency measures and reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions.