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The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Global Climate Change01:50

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Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Carbon cycle feedbacks and future climate change.

Pierre Friedlingstein1

  • 1College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK p.friedlingstein@exeter.ac.uk.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
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Global warming releases atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), but Earth System Models may overestimate this climate-carbon cycle feedback. New methods suggest a weaker feedback, improving climate change predictions.

Keywords:
climate changeclimate-carbon cycle feedbacksglobal carbon cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Climate Science
  • Carbon Cycle Research

Background:

  • The climate and carbon cycle are intrinsically linked across various timescales.
  • Observational data consistently show a positive feedback loop where warming increases atmospheric carbon release.
  • Current Earth System Models simulate this climate-carbon cycle feedback but exhibit significant uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reduce uncertainties in climate-carbon cycle feedback projections.
  • To constrain the tropical land and global carbon cycle responses to climate change.
  • To attribute historical carbon sinks to CO2 and climate change impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing El Niño years to analyze short-term atmospheric CO2 growth rate anomalies driven by tropical ecosystems.
  • Employing last millennium records of centennial variability to constrain the global carbon cycle's response to climate shifts.
  • Comparing observational constraints with Earth System Model simulations.

Main Results:

  • Short-term anomalies indicate tropical land ecosystems are key drivers of CO2 release during warming events.
  • Centennial variability data provide constraints on the overall global carbon cycle sensitivity.
  • Independent methods suggest climate-carbon cycle feedback is at the lower end of model predictions, implying models overestimate sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Earth System Models likely overestimate the carbon cycle's sensitivity to climate change.
  • New findings help attribute historical carbon sinks to rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change.
  • This research refines our understanding of the coupled climate-carbon system and improves future climate projections.