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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Gut Microbiota and Brain Function: An Evolving Field in Neuroscience.

Jane A Foster1, Mark Lyte2, Emeran Meyer2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University; and Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada (Dr Foster); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Dr Lyte); Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Meyer); Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland (Dr Cryan). jfoster@mcmaster.ca.

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiota significantly impacts health, influencing common disorders like obesity and even brain function. Experts explored the gut-brain axis and its relevance to psychiatric disorders at a 2014 symposium.

Keywords:
BehaviorMRIbrain imagingimmuneneuroendocrineprobiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Growing evidence links gut microbiota to health and disease, including obesity.
  • Advances in sequencing technology have spurred research into microbiota's role.
  • The gut microbiota's influence on brain function, behavior, and mental health is a key area of interest.

Framework:

  • The 29th International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) World Congress featured a symposium on "Gut microbiota and brain function: Relevance to psychiatric disorders."
  • Experts reviewed current findings on the gut-brain axis and its connection to mental health.

Implementation:

  • Symposium topics included gut microbiota's role in neuroendocrine function.
  • Discussions covered microbiota's influence on behavior and the use of probiotics.
  • Methods for imaging the gut-brain axis in humans were also presented.

Implications:

  • Understanding the gut-brain axis offers new perspectives on psychiatric disorders.
  • This research highlights potential therapeutic targets within the gut microbiota.
  • Further investigation into the gut-brain connection is crucial for advancing neuropsychopharmacology.