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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microbial evolution occurs rapidly due to short generation times and a variety of genetic processes, including horizontal gene transfer, mutation, recombination, and genetic drift. These mechanisms collectively enable microbes to adapt swiftly to changing environments.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows genes to move between different species and occurs through three main mechanisms: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct cell-to-cell contact for DNA...
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Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model
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Microbial invasions: the process, patterns, and mechanisms.

Cyrus Alexander Mallon1, Jan Dirk van Elsas1, Joana Falcão Salles1

  • 1Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Gronignen, Nijenborg 7, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.

Trends in Microbiology
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study synthesizes microbial invasion literature, identifying four key phases: introduction, establishment, spread, and impact. It proposes a framework for understanding invasion resistance based on resident community traits.

Keywords:
diversitymicrobial invasionresource availabilityspecies evennessspecies richness

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Recent literature surge on microbial invasions across diverse environments.
  • Biological diversity is often cited as a key factor in invasion success.
  • Existing studies offer snapshots, lacking a cohesive overview of the invasion continuum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a bird's eye view of the microbial invasion continuum.
  • To identify patterns and mechanisms of invasion resistance.
  • To synthesize a mechanistic framework for invasion resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-comparison of common results from existing invasion literature.
  • Analysis of invasion phases: introduction, establishment, spread, and impact.
  • Development of a mechanistic synthesis model for invasion resistance.

Main Results:

  • The microbial invasion continuum comprises four distinct phases.
  • Invasion resistance is mechanistically linked to species richness, evenness, and resource availability.
  • A theoretical framework can unify invasion studies across disciplines.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive framework is needed to understand microbial invasions.
  • Resident community characteristics are crucial for predicting invasion outcomes.
  • Applying a unified theoretical framework enhances cross-disciplinary insights into invasions.