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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance01:25

Inheritance

1.9K
Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
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Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes.

N G Prasad1, Sutirth Dey, Amitabh Joshi

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, P.O. Manauli, Mohali 140 306, India. tncvidya@jncasr.ac.in.

Journal of Genetics
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An extended evolutionary synthesis framework is proposed, integrating diverse nongenetic inheritance mechanisms. This dynamic phenotype view challenges the gene-centric model, offering new insights into evolutionary dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Growing evidence supports nongenetic inheritance (epigenetic, ecological, behavioral, symbolic) beyond DNA.
  • Limited studies integrate diverse nongenetic inheritance forms into a unified conceptual structure.
  • Formalizing an extended evolutionary synthesis requires integrating these inheritance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Propose a novel framework for an extended view of inheritance.
  • Introduce conceptual distinctions crucial for understanding inheritance beyond genes.
  • Contrast the proposed framework with the standard gene-based inheritance model.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Comparative analysis with gene-based inheritance and quantitative genetics.
  • Discussion of applicability to the Price equation and evolutionary dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Phenotype is conceptualized as a dynamic entity influenced by prior state, hereditary materials, and environment.
  • The proposed framework offers an alternative to the standard gene-centric view.
  • The framework is well-suited for individual-based simulation studies of evolutionary dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed dynamic phenotype framework aids in formalizing an extended evolutionary synthesis.
  • This approach provides a foundation for assessing extended models in evolutionary quantitative genetics.
  • Further simulations can evaluate the performance of extended models in capturing complex evolutionary dynamics.