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Related Concept Videos

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Cystoscopic-Guided Laser Ablation of Intramural Ectopic Ureters in Male Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 18 Cases (2011-2023).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
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Advances in Urinary Tract Endoscopy.

Allyson C Berent1

  • 1Interventional Endoscopy Services, Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Veterinary endourology, using endoscopy for diagnosis and treatment, offers less invasive options for urinary tract issues in small animals. This approach is increasingly favored over traditional surgery for conditions like stones and obstructions.

Keywords:
Endoscopic nephrolithotomyEndoscopyEndourologyLithotripsyPercutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL)Sclerotherapy for idiopathic renal hematuriaUreteral stentingUreteroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary medicine
  • Urology
  • Endourology

Background:

  • Endoscopy is now a primary diagnostic and treatment tool in small animal urology.
  • Urinary tract obstructions, stones, renal disease, and urothelial cancers are common in small animals.
  • Traditional surgical methods for these conditions can be invasive and have significant morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of common urologic procedures performed in veterinary medicine.
  • To highlight the growing importance of interventional endoscopic techniques in veterinary urology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common endoscopic urologic procedures in veterinary medicine.
  • Discussion of the benefits of endoscopic-assisted alternatives.

Main Results:

  • Endoscopic techniques are increasingly adopted for diagnosis and treatment in small animal urology.
  • These methods offer appealing, less invasive alternatives to traditional surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Veterinary endourology has become essential for managing small animal urologic conditions.
  • Interventional endoscopic techniques provide valuable, less invasive treatment options for pet owners and veterinarians.