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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction.

Daniel H Coelho1, Richard M Costanzo1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0146, USA.

Auris, Nasus, Larynx
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smell impairment can result from olfactory tract injuries. While most deficits are currently untreatable, new technologies and patient support offer hope for managing smell dysfunction and improving quality of life.

Keywords:
AnosmiaDysfunctionHyposmiaImplantOlfactorySmellTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory tract injuries can lead to smell impairment.
  • Understanding the olfactory system is crucial for diagnosing smell dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy and pathophysiology of smell impairment.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches and potential treatments for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of olfactory tract anatomy, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including history, physical examination, olfactory testing, and neuroimaging.

Main Results:

  • Smell impairment can originate from various points along the olfactory pathway.
  • Current olfactory deficits are often neuronal and untreatable.
  • Emerging technologies show promise for future treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis requires understanding olfactory anatomy and employing thorough clinical evaluation.
  • Patient counseling, compensatory strategies, and reassurance are vital for managing smell loss and maintaining quality of life.