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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

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Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
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ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
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Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles
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Autotransporter Proteins.

Ian R Henderson1, James P Nataro2

  • 1Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.

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|October 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This review explores Escherichia coli and Salmonella autotransporters, focusing on the serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) family. These proteins are crucial for bacterial outer membrane translocation and pathogenesis in various animal and plant pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Protein Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autotransporters are a significant class of outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • The serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) family is a well-studied group with diverse functions.
  • The autotransporter pathway is a common mechanism for protein secretion across the bacterial outer membrane.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of autotransporters from Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
  • To highlight the SPATEs family, including its conserved motifs and members.
  • To discuss the largest subfamily of autotransporters, defined by the AidA conserved domain (COG3468).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on E. coli and Salmonella autotransporters.
  • Analysis of conserved domains and protein families, specifically COG3468.
  • Identification and characterization of key autotransporter proteins within the SPATEs family.

Main Results:

  • Autotransporters from E. coli and Salmonella are functionally diverse and play roles in pathogenesis.
  • The SPATEs family, characterized by a serine protease motif, includes important virulence factors.
  • The AidA conserved domain (COG3468) defines the largest autotransporter subfamily, encompassing over 55 proteins from various pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Autotransporter proteins are critical for bacterial virulence and outer membrane protein translocation.
  • The SPATEs family and its largest subfamily (AidA-defined) represent key areas of study in Gram-negative bacterial research.
  • Further research into these autotransporters can provide insights into bacterial mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.