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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

38.9K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

14.5K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Quantitative parameters of productive transcription on T5 N25-based promoters are modulated by the initial transcribed sequence and template supercoiling.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025
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Mechanisms of Very Long Abortive Transcript Release during Promoter Escape.

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Sequence-Dependent Promoter Escape Efficiency Is Strongly Influenced by Bias for the Pretranslocated State during Initial Transcription.

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Monitoring abortive initiation.

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An alternate mechanism of abortive release marked by the formation of very long abortive transcripts.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Promoter Escape by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase.

Lilian M Hsu

    Ecosal Plus
    |October 8, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Promoter escape, a key step in transcription, involves RNA polymerase (RNAP) releasing from the promoter. Promoter DNA sequences influence abortive RNA production and the rate-limiting step, with factors like Gre ameliorating abortive transcription.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Promoter escape is crucial for transitioning RNA polymerase (RNAP) from initiation to productive transcription.
    • Abortive RNA formation occurs before promoter escape and is influenced by promoter DNA sequences.
    • Understanding this process is key to deciphering gene regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the relationship between promoter sequence, abortive transcription, and the promoter escape step.
    • To investigate the role of promoter subelements (PRR and ITS) in transcription initiation.
    • To explore mechanisms mitigating abortive transcription by RNAP.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative and quantitative analysis of abortive and productive transcription from *Escherichia coli* promoters and variants.

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  • Investigated the effect of Gre factors on RNAP activity.
  • Integrated biochemical data with X-ray crystallographic structural models.

    • Main Results:

    • Strong RNAP-binding promoters are more likely to be rate-limited at the escape step, leading to increased abortive transcripts.
    • The core Promoter Recognition Region (PRR) dictates initiation frequency and the rate-limiting step.
    • The Initial Transcribed Sequence (ITS) modulates the ratio of abortive to productive transcription.
    • Gre factors can reduce the highly abortive nature of *E. coli* RNAP transcription.
    • DNA scrunching during initiation generates a stressed intermediate, facilitating promoter escape.

    Conclusions:

    • Promoter sequence elements critically control transcription initiation, abortive RNA production, and promoter escape dynamics.
    • A plausible mechanism for transcription initiation involving DNA scrunching and stressed intermediates has been proposed.
    • Further research into the kinetics and thermodynamics of abortive initiation and promoter escape is warranted.