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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...
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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Dynamic contrast-enhanced quantitative susceptibility mapping with ultrashort echo time MRI for evaluating renal

Luke Xie1, Anita T Layton2, Nian Wang3

  • 1Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah lukenxie@gmail.com.

American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
|October 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI reveals limitations in visualizing concentrated gadolinium in mouse kidneys. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI identified gadolinium concentration, aiding renal pathophysiology studies.

Keywords:
3D dynamic contrast-enhancedMR renographygadolinium-based contrast agentkidney concentrating mechanismmagnetic resonance imagingquantitative susceptibility mappingsmall animal preclinical imagingultrashort echo time

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Renal Physiology
  • Medical Imaging Physics

Background:

  • Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is crucial for assessing renal function using gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents.
  • High concentrations of Gd can cause T2* blooming and signal voids, particularly in the renal medulla and pelvis, hindering accurate assessment.
  • Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI sequences are employed to mitigate T2* effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the T2* blooming effect in the inner medulla of mouse kidneys during DCE MRI.
  • To evaluate the utility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in conjunction with UTE MRI for quantifying Gd concentration.
  • To assess the kidney's concentrating mechanism longitudinally using this novel MRI approach.

Main Methods:

  • Mice underwent DCE MRI using a UTE sequence with a low Gd dose (0.03 mmol/kg) and an echo time of 20 microseconds.
  • Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was applied to resolve signal voids and quantify Gd susceptibility.
  • Susceptibility values were converted to molar concentrations, and a concentrating index was calculated (inner medulla Gd concentration / renal artery Gd concentration).
  • Longitudinal measurements were performed over 17 weeks.

Main Results:

  • T2* blooming was observed in the inner medulla despite using UTE MRI.
  • QSM successfully resolved the signal void, revealing a positive susceptibility signal attributed to concentrated Gd.
  • The study determined the kidney's concentrating index over a 17-week period.
  • The concentrating mechanism leads to high Gd concentrations, causing significant T2* effects.

Conclusions:

  • UTE-based DCE MRI has limitations in resolving extreme T2* effects caused by the kidney's concentrating mechanism.
  • QSM effectively identifies and quantifies concentrated Gd, confirming it as the source of blooming artifacts.
  • Combining UTE MRI with QSM offers a complementary tool for studying renal pathophysiology and Gd dynamics.