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Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly
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Replicating Patient-Specific Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis With Functional 3D Modeling.

Dimitrios Maragiannis1, Matthew S Jackson1, Stephen R Igo1

  • 1From the Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX (D.M., M.S.J., S.R.I., R.C.S., C.M.B., S.M.C., M.J.R., W.A.Z., S.H.L.); and Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (P.C., J.G.-A.).

Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging
|October 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

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Patient-specific 3D printed models accurately replicate the anatomy and function of severe aortic valve stenosis. These models, created using fused dual-material 3D printing, show promise for understanding complex valve disease.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • 3D Printing Applications

Background:

  • High-resolution computed tomography (CT) enables creation of life-size physical models.
  • Severe aortic valve stenosis presents complex anatomical and functional challenges.
  • Patient-specific modeling can enhance understanding of valvular heart disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply 3D printing technologies for patient-specific models of severe aortic valve stenosis.
  • To develop models that replicate both anatomic and functional characteristics.
  • To assess the accuracy of 3D printed models in simulating stenosis severity.

Main Methods:

  • Eight patient-specific models of severe aortic stenosis were created using fused dual-material 3D printing.
Keywords:
3D printingTAVRaortic stenosisechocardiographyfunctional modeling

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  • Rigid material for calcific regions and rubber-like material for soft tissues were utilized.
  • Models were evaluated for geometric valve orifice area and stenosis severity under various in vitro flow conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Fused multimaterial 3D printed models successfully replicated calcific structures of aortic stenosis.
    • Doppler-derived transvalvular gradients correlated highly with reference standard pressure catheters (r=0.988 and r=0.978).
    • Aortic valve orifice area measurements by Gorlin and Doppler methods showed strong correlation (r=0.985).

    Conclusions:

    • Patient-specific models combining CT, CAD, and fused dual-material 3D printing can replicate severe degenerative aortic valve stenosis.
    • These models accurately represent both the anatomical and functional properties of the disease.
    • 3D printing offers a valuable tool for simulating complex cardiovascular conditions.