Gender differences in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the current era: A review
Ying C Tan1, Hannah Sinclair1,2, Kuldeepa Ghoorah2
11 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.
Insights
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) affects women differently, with poorer outcomes despite narrowing gaps. Understanding these gender differences is key to improving ACS treatment and developing new gender-specific options.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Cardiovascular Research
- Gender Medicine
Background:
- Coronary heart disease is a leading global cause of mortality.
- Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) accounts for significant hospital admissions.
- Women with ACS historically experience worse outcomes than men.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate current gender disparities in ACS patient outcomes.
- To identify mechanisms contributing to outcome differences post-percutaneous coronary intervention.
- To inform gender-specific therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for ACS.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on gender differences in ACS.
- Analysis of outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in male and female patients.
- Exploration of potential biological and clinical factors influencing gender-based outcomes.
Main Results:
- While treatment advances are narrowing outcome gaps, significant gender differences persist in ACS.
- Women may face unique challenges and poorer prognoses following ACS events and interventions.
- Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind these disparities.
Conclusions:
- Addressing gender differences in ACS is crucial for optimizing patient care.
- Development of gender-specific approaches in pharmacotherapy and interventional strategies is warranted.
- Improved understanding can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for all ACS patients.
Abstract:
Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. In the United Kingdom in 2010, over 80,000 deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, and one in 10 female deaths were due to coronary heart disease. Acute coronary syndrome, a subset of coronary heart disease, was responsible for 175,000 inpatient admissions in the United Kingdom in 2012. While men have traditionally been considered to be at higher risk of acute coronary syndrome, various studies have demonstrated that women often suffer from poorer outcomes following an adverse cardiovascular event. This gap is gradually narrowing with the introduction of advanced interventional strategies and pharmacotherapy. However, a better understanding of these differences is of crucial importance for the improvement of the pharmacological and interventional management of acute coronary syndrome and for the development of possible new gender-specific diagnostic and therapeutic options. The goals of this review are to evaluate gender differences in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the current era and identify potential mechanisms behind these differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention.
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