Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

8.0K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
8.0K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

2.9K
2.9K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

9.9K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
9.9K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

11.4K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
11.4K
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

5.4K
Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
5.4K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

19.0K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
19.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SIRT7 regulates dosage compensation and safeguards the female X chromosome.

Nature·2026
Same author

Real-world impact of nirsevimab on RSV hospitalizations in children under 2 years of age: retrospective monocentric study in a large German tertiary pedatric center.

Molecular and cellular pediatrics·2026
Same author

Public health emergency response through field epidemiology training and rapid response teams - a scoping review.

BMC public health·2026
Same author

The interferon γ pathway enhances pluripotency and X-chromosome reactivation in iPSC reprogramming.

Science advances·2024
Same author

Cohesin controls X chromosome structure remodeling and X-reactivation during mouse iPSC-reprogramming.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023
Same author

Causality in transcription and genome folding: Insights from X inactivation.

BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Toxicological Assays for Testing Effects of an Epigenetic Drug on Development, Fecundity and Survivorship of Malaria Mosquitoes
10:26

Toxicological Assays for Testing Effects of an Epigenetic Drug on Development, Fecundity and Survivorship of Malaria Mosquitoes

Published on: January 16, 2015

8.9K

The quest for mammalian Polycomb response elements: are we there yet?

Moritz Bauer1, Johanna Trupke1,2, Leonie Ringrose3,4

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.

Chromosoma
|October 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb/Trithorax response elements (PREs) are crucial for gene regulation but differ between flies and mammals. This review explores why mammalian PREs are hard to find and how they differ from fly PREs.

Keywords:
DrosophilaEpigeneticsMammalPolycombPolycomb response elementTrithorax

More Related Videos

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
07:34

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

5.9K
A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
00:08

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Toxicological Assays for Testing Effects of an Epigenetic Drug on Development, Fecundity and Survivorship of Malaria Mosquitoes
10:26

Toxicological Assays for Testing Effects of an Epigenetic Drug on Development, Fecundity and Survivorship of Malaria Mosquitoes

Published on: January 16, 2015

8.9K
A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
07:34

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

5.9K
A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
00:08

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Polycomb and Trithorax proteins are key epigenetic regulators conserved across species.
  • These proteins control hundreds of conserved target genes through cis-regulatory elements called PREs.
  • Identifying mammalian PREs is challenging due to a lack of sequence conservation compared to fly PREs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the significant differences between mammalian and fly Polycomb/Trithorax response elements (PREs).
  • To understand the reasons behind the difficulty in identifying mammalian PREs.
  • To review current knowledge, evaluate models, and highlight open questions regarding mammalian PREs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and data on Polycomb/Trithorax response elements.
  • Comparative analysis of known fly PREs and the search for their mammalian counterparts.
  • Evaluation of existing models for PRE function and identification.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian PREs are significantly different from fly PREs, posing identification challenges.
  • Recent research has generated new data but also new questions about mammalian PRE function.
  • The lack of DNA sequence conservation is a major hurdle in finding mammalian PREs.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the divergence of PREs between flies and mammals is critical for comprehending epigenetic regulation.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective methods for identifying and characterizing mammalian PREs.
  • Resolving the mystery of mammalian PREs will advance our knowledge of gene regulation in development and disease.