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Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
Published on: June 24, 2025
Current opportunities and challenges in intradermal vaccination
David Chen1, Terry Bowersock2, Risini Weeratna3
1Novel Delivery Technologies, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA.
Abstract:
The skin is an attractive site for immunization in humans and animals, owing to its resident population of dendritic cells and macrophages along with extensive vascularization by lymphatic vessels and blood capillaries. In addition to these physiological attributes, the intradermal route for vaccine delivery also presents a less-invasive alternative to conventional subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. This may offer compliance and convenience advantages for a wide range of stakeholders including patients, healthcare providers, veterinarians, animal owners and animal producers. This review discusses the current developments in intradermal vaccination for human and veterinary applications, with particular focus on the skin immunology, vaccine antigens and adjuvants and delivery systems.
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