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Updated: Apr 1, 2026
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Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
Published on: January 3, 2017
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Emergence and Prevalence of Persistent and Residual Speech Errors
1School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon.
Seminars in Speech and Language
|October 13, 2015
Summary
Approximately 1-2% of young adults have speech sound errors, with many resolving by high school. Speech therapy may still be beneficial for social reasons and for persistent errors.
Area of Science:
- Speech-Language Pathology
- Developmental Psychology
- Linguistics
Background:
- Speech sound errors are prevalent in a small percentage of the young adult population.
- A significant portion of these errors may resolve naturally during adolescence.
- The long-term impact and persistence of these errors warrant further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the literature on the emergence and prevalence of speech sound errors in older children and adults.
- To explore potential causes and classifications of persistent speech sound errors.
- To discuss the implications for intervention and spontaneous resolution.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies on speech sound disorders.
- Analysis of prevalence data in young adults.
- Categorization of speech error types and potential origins.
Main Results:
- 1-2% of young adults may exhibit speech sound errors.
- Up to 75% of these errors might resolve between age 9 and high school graduation.
- Two types of errors are postulated: residual (from earlier delays) and persistent (long-instantiated habits).
Conclusions:
- Speech therapy may be indicated for social reasons even if errors resolve.
- The distinction between residual and persistent errors may inform treatment approaches.
- Further research is needed to clarify spontaneous resolution rates and intervention efficacy for different error types.
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