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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory dysfunction in chronic stroke patients.

Eike Wehling1,2,3, Halvor Naess4,5,6, Daniel Wollschlaeger7

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. eike.wehling@psybp.uib.no.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

One year after stroke, many patients experience olfactory dysfunction, impacting their perception of smell. Age and stroke severity predict these deficits, which affect odor identification and pleasantness ratings.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Stroke survivors frequently experience long-term health issues.
  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) following stroke is understudied.
  • Assessing OD one year post-stroke is crucial for understanding recovery and quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate odor identification performance in stroke patients one year after hospital admission.
  • To identify predictors of olfactory dysfunction.
  • To evaluate self-reported olfactory function and pleasantness perception.

Main Methods:

  • A 1-year prospective study of 78 stroke patients.
  • Standardized olfactory tests (detection sensitivity, odor identification).
  • Comparison with matched controls; assessment of cognitive function and depression symptoms.

Main Results:

  • 28.2% had hyposmia, 15.4% had anosmia one year post-stroke.
  • Stroke patients showed significantly lower olfactory performance than controls.
  • Age and NIHSS score predicted impaired olfactory function; OD patients rated odors as less pleasant.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is common one year after stroke.
  • Deficits primarily involve hyposmia and functional anosmia.
  • Early detection and management of post-stroke OD are warranted.