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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

46
The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
46
Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
54
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

34
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
34
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

68
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

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Gut microbiota and obesity.

Philippe Gérard1,2

  • 1INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Equipe AMIPEM, Building 442, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. philippe.gerard@jouy.inra.fr.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|October 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota, a complex bacterial community in the human intestine, influences health and disease. Differences in gut bacteria are linked to obesity, suggesting microbiota modulation as a therapeutic strategy.

Keywords:
AntibioticsFecal transplantGnotobiotic modelsIntestinal permeabilityMetabolic syndromeMicrobiomePrebioticsProbiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Health
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • The human gut harbors a unique bacterial community known as the gut microbiota.
  • Recent research highlights the gut microbiota's significant role in human health and disease.
  • Individual gut microbiota composition varies, though common species exist among adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the causal role of the gut microbiota in obesity and related metabolic disorders.
  • To identify mechanisms through which the gut microbiota influences host metabolism.
  • To investigate differences in microbiota composition and function between obese and lean individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing germ-free animal models.
  • Performing microbiota transplantation experiments.
  • Analyzing microbiota composition, functional genes, and metabolic activities in human subjects.

Main Results:

  • Germ-free animal studies and microbiota transplants demonstrated a causal link between gut microbiota and obesity development.
  • Distinct differences in gut microbiota composition, gene content, and metabolic functions were observed between obese and lean individuals.
  • Evidence supports a connection between gut bacteria and host metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota plays a significant role in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
  • Understanding the gut bacteria-host metabolism link can inform new therapeutic approaches.
  • Modulating the gut microbiota offers potential strategies for preventing and treating obesity.