Risk of Bias in Reports of In Vivo Research: A Focus for Improvement
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Updated: Apr 1, 2026

In Vivo Vascular Injury Readouts in Mouse Retina to Promote Reproducibility
Published on: April 21, 2022
Malcolm R Macleod1, Aaron Lawson McLean1, Aikaterini Kyriakopoulou1
1Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
The reliability of experimental findings depends on the rigour of experimental design. Here we show limited reporting of measures to reduce the risk of bias in a random sample of life sciences publications, significantly lower reporting of randomisation in work published in journals of high impact, and very limited reporting of measures to reduce the risk of bias in publications from leading United Kingdom institutions. Ascertainment of differences between institutions might serve both as a measure of research quality and as a tool for institutional efforts to improve research quality.
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