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Oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes: their involvement in cancer
1Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, U.K.
Abstract:
We review the involvement of two groups of genes, oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes, in malignant transformation. Approximately 40 oncogenes have been described mainly through studies on retroviruses and by in vitro functional analyses such as transfection of transforming genes into 'normal' cells. Because they are more difficult to identify, only a handful of onco-suppressor genes have been described so far, but potentially they could number as many as oncogenes. Where these genes have been isolated and sequenced, they have been shown to be highly conserved among species, suggesting that these genes play an essential role in the normal cell. Although some of properties of oncogenes have been identified, we do not know in detail the role these genes play in normal cells or how genetic damage contributes to malignancy. The effect of oncogene expression on a cell depends both on the cell type and on the oncogene, and in some circumstances oncogenes act as onco-suppressor genes and vice versa. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes will not only increase our understanding of these important genes but might also provide the framework for a biological approach to the treatment of cancer.
Insights
This review explores oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes in cancer development. Understanding these genes is crucial for developing new biological cancer treatments.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Genetics
- Cancer Research
Background:
- Malignant transformation involves oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes.
- Around 40 oncogenes identified via retroviral studies and in vitro analyses.
- Fewer onco-suppressor genes identified due to identification challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the roles of oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes in cancer.
- To highlight the conserved nature and essential roles of these genes in normal cells.
- To discuss the current knowledge gaps regarding their function and contribution to malignancy.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing scientific literature on oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes.
- Analysis of studies involving retroviruses and in vitro functional assays.
- Examination of gene sequencing data and cross-species conservation.
Main Results:
- Oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes are critical in malignant transformation.
- These genes are highly conserved, indicating essential roles in normal cellular function.
- The precise roles in normal cells and the mechanisms of genetic damage leading to cancer remain unclear.
Conclusions:
- Elucidating oncogene and onco-suppressor gene mechanisms is vital for understanding cancer.
- Further research may pave the way for novel biological cancer therapies.
- The dual roles of these genes (oncogene/onco-suppressor) require detailed investigation.