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Cobalt in the environment and its toxicological implications.

J L Domingo

    Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
    |January 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cobalt, an essential trace element, poses health risks when in excess. Studies show it can cause polycythemia, hyperglycemia, and reproductive issues in male rats, with potential occupational hazards like asthma.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Toxicology
    • Occupational Health

    Background:

    • Cobalt is a naturally occurring trace element, primarily used in alloy manufacturing.
    • While not extensively released into the environment, cobalt exposure can pose significant human health risks.
    • Excessive dietary cobalt has demonstrated toxic effects in animal models.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the toxicological effects of cobalt exposure on human and animal health.
    • To investigate the impact of cobalt on cellular processes and reproductive systems.
    • To highlight occupational health hazards and potential treatments for cobalt intoxication.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on cobalt toxicology, including animal studies and cell-based assays.
    • Analysis of reported human health effects from occupational and dietary exposure.
    • Examination of potential antidotes and treatment strategies for cobalt poisoning.

    Main Results:

    • Cobalt administration in animals can lead to polycythemia, hyperglycemia, and pancreatic alpha-cell damage.
    • Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in P388D1 cells and human lymphocytes.
    • Oral cobalt exposure in rats showed no teratogenicity but affected late gestation and postnatal development; reproductive changes were observed in males.
    • Occupational exposure is linked to respiratory issues such as asthma and interstitial lung disease due to cobalt's allergenic potential.

    Conclusions:

    • Cobalt exposure presents diverse toxicological concerns, ranging from systemic effects like polycythemia to reproductive and developmental impacts.
    • Occupational exposure to cobalt is a significant health hazard, particularly concerning respiratory and allergic reactions.
    • Further research into cobalt's mechanisms of toxicity and effective treatment strategies, including chelating agents, is warranted.

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