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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

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Disrupted Sleep: From Molecules to Cognition.

Eus J W Van Someren1, Chiara Cirelli2, Derk-Jan Dijk3

  • 1Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Departments of Integrative Neurophysiology and Medical Psychology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, e.van.someren@nin.knaw.nl.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|October 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disrupted sleep, affecting duration, timing, and continuity, impacts cellular health, gene expression, and mood. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing interventions for common sleep problems.

Keywords:
cellular ultrastructuregene expressioninsomniametabolismmoodsleep disruption

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Sleep's precise functions are still being researched.
  • Sleep disruption, through curtailment or discontinuity, has widespread physiological and behavioral consequences.
  • Understanding sleep's impact is vital for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how sleep duration, timing, and continuity influence various physiological and behavioral aspects.
  • To highlight the broad effects of sleep disruption on health and well-being.
  • To connect recent findings, including brain imaging, to the mechanisms of insomnia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological and experimental studies on sleep disruption.
  • Analysis of how sleep affects cellular, genetic, metabolic, and behavioral processes.
  • Inclusion of recent brain imaging studies on insomnia.

Main Results:

  • Sleep disruption impacts cellular ultrastructure and gene expression.
  • Metabolic and hormone regulation are altered by sleep disturbances.
  • Mood, vigilance, and reward functions are demonstrably affected by sleep issues.

Conclusions:

  • Sleep duration, timing, and continuity are critical for maintaining physiological balance.
  • Disrupted sleep affects fundamental biological processes from the cellular level to complex behaviors.
  • Insights into sleep disruption mechanisms can guide the development of effective treatments for prevalent health issues.