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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

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Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

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Acute Bacterial Cholangitis.

Vincent Zimmer¹, Frank Lammert¹

¹Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.

Viszeralmedizin

|October 16, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute bacterial cholangitis requires prompt recognition and treatment. Management involves immediate antibiotics and endoscopic biliary drainage to address infection and bile duct obstruction.

Keywords:

Cholangitis Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography Gallstone disease Sepsis

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Hepatology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Acute bacterial cholangitis, often caused by common bile duct stones, is a serious condition.
Symptoms include Charcot's triad (fever, pain, jaundice) and Reynolds' pentad (confusion, shock).

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of acute bacterial cholangitis.
To provide an overview of current management strategies based on established guidelines.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review using PubMed.
Search terms included 'cholangitis', 'choledocholithiasis', 'gallstone disease', 'biliary infection', and 'biliary sepsis'.

Main Results:

Most patients improve with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Endoscopic biliary drainage is crucial for obstruction, guided by disease severity.
Tokyo guidelines offer diagnostic and treatment algorithms.

Conclusions:

Early clinical recognition and diagnostic workup are vital.
Treatment targets both bacterial infection and bile duct obstruction.
Endoscopic drainage and bile duct clearance are first-line treatments for obstruction.