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Why Do We Feel Sick When Infected--Can Altruism Play a Role?

Keren Shakhar1, Guy Shakhar2

  • 1Department of Psychology, College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel.

Plos Biology
|October 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Sickness behavior (SB) is an evolutionarily costly but conserved response to infection. This study explores if preventing disease transmission via kin selection, in addition to individual resistance, explains SB persistence.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Sickness behavior (SB) is a conserved, evolutionarily selected response to infection across species.
  • SB involves symptoms like anorexia, hypersomnia, and reduced social interaction, which appear maladaptive due to increased risks of starvation, predation, and reduced reproduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary persistence of sickness behavior (SB).
  • To explore potential explanations for SB beyond individual fitness benefits, such as kin selection and disease transmission prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sickness behavior, evolutionary theory, and kin selection.
  • Analysis of the costs and benefits of SB in the context of individual and population-level fitness.

Main Results:

  • SB is orchestrated by complex cytokine and neuroendocrine pathways, triggered by diverse pathogens.
  • While individual resistance is a known benefit, the evolutionary persistence of SB remains debated due to its apparent costs.

Conclusions:

  • SB's persistence may be explained by its role in preventing disease transmission within kin groups, a benefit amplified through kin selection.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the multi-faceted evolutionary advantages of sickness behavior.