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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

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Hypereosinophilic Syndrome.

Casey Curtis1, Princess Ogbogu2

  • 1Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Rm. 220, 2012 Kenny Rd., Columbus, OH, 43221, USA. curtis.159@osu.edu.

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|October 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Hypereosinophilic syndrome involves abnormal eosinophil buildup. Recent advances enable personalized treatment strategies for this variable condition, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CELChronic eosinophilic leukemiaEosinophiliaFIP1L1-PDGFRAHESHypereosinophilic syndromeL-HESM-HES

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a group of disorders marked by excessive eosinophils.
  • Clinical features of HES range from mild to severe organ damage.
  • Historically, HES was treated with general immunosuppressants with limited success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving definition and classification of HES.
  • To provide guidance on HES evaluation and monitoring.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic options for HES.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HES definition, classification, and treatment.
  • Analysis of advancements in eosinophil biology and molecular diagnostics.
  • Synthesis of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • HES encompasses diverse clinical presentations and prognoses.
  • Molecular diagnostics have refined HES subgroup identification.
  • Personalized management approaches are now guiding HES treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HES subtypes is crucial for effective management.
  • Targeted therapies based on specific HES subgroups show promise.
  • Continued research into eosinophil biology will drive future HES treatments.