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Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
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The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cervical Lymph Duct-Cannulated Rat Model for Assessing Lymphatic Transport from the Head and Brain
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Advances in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

Lauren B Patrick1, Nimish A Mohile2,3

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 356, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. Lauren_Patrick@urmc.rochester.edu.

Current Oncology Reports
|October 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare brain cancer. Advances in chemotherapy and targeted treatments offer improved survival, but neurotoxicity remains a challenge.

Keywords:
Bone marrow transplantDiffuse large B cell lymphomaHigh-dose methotrexateLeptomeningeal metastasesLeukoencephalopathyOcular lymphomaPrimary central nervous system lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Hematology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma confined to the central nervous system.
  • Diagnosis often requires invasive procedures like brain biopsy, despite advances in neuroimaging.
  • Survival has improved due to high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but delayed neurotoxicity is a significant complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of PCNSL in immunocompetent individuals.
  • To highlight progress in pathobiology and the development of novel, targeted therapies.
  • To underscore the challenges in conducting clinical trials for rare diseases and the need for institutional collaboration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on PCNSL biology, detection, and treatment strategies.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy.
  • Discussion of emerging targeted treatments and diagnostic advancements.

Main Results:

  • Improved survival rates over the past two decades attributed to methotrexate-based chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy.
  • Ongoing research focuses on reducing radiotherapy to mitigate long-term neurotoxicity.
  • Development of dose-intensified chemotherapy regimens and exploration of targeted therapies are key areas of progress.

Conclusions:

  • PCNSL treatment is evolving, with a shift towards less radiotherapy and more chemotherapy, alongside targeted therapies.
  • Addressing delayed neurotoxicity is crucial for improving long-term outcomes in PCNSL patients.
  • Collaborative research efforts are essential for advancing the field of PCNSL due to its rarity.