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The Two-Brains Hypothesis: Towards a guide for brain-brain and brain-machine interfaces.

G Goodman¹, R R Poznanski^2,3, L Cacha²

¹* Galil Genetic Analysis, Katzrin 12900 Israel.

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience

|October 20, 2015

Summary

Researchers demonstrated transferring motor intention between humans using electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This noninvasive brain-computer interface (BCI) technology shows promise but requires further research into underlying electromagnetic principles.

Keywords:

Bohr biological complementarity Faraday induction Transcranial magnetic stimulation brain–brain, –machine, –computer therapies and engineering two-brains hypothesis

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Advances in brain activity signaling and brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are rapidly evolving.
Noninvasive techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) show potential for brain information transfer.
The underlying mechanisms, particularly electromagnetic induction in the central nervous system (CNS), remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the transfer of motor intention between two remote humans using noninvasive EEG and TMS.
To investigate the potential role of electromagnetic induction in brain-to-brain communication.
To highlight the implications of the novel Two-Brains Hypothesis (TBH) for understanding CNS function and BCI.

Main Methods:

Recorded human motor intention signals using noninvasive EEG at the scalp.
Transmitted these signals as repetitive TMS (rTMS) to the motor cortex of a remote individual.
Applied TMS with a circular magnetic coil at a maximum intensity of 2.0 T.

Main Results:

Successfully transferred digitalized motor intention information into the central nervous system (CNS) of a remote individual.
Induced intended hand movements in the recipient through TMS, demonstrating brain-to-brain information transfer.
This represents the first documented instance of transferring motor intention and its expression between two remote humans.

Conclusions:

The study provides a proof-of-concept for noninvasive brain-to-brain communication of motor intention.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms, including magnetic induction, involved in this process.
The Two-Brains Hypothesis offers a framework for re-evaluating CNS function and advancing brain-computer and brain-robot interfaces.