Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

9.5K
Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
9.5K
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

677
DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
677
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

8.1K
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body...
8.1K
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

12.2K
Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
12.2K
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

13.7K
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
13.7K
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

3.0K
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Optical cross-purity.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Bridging the gap between ultrafast optics and resonant photonics in an omni-resonant Fabry-Pérot cavity.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Observation of space-time surface plasmon polaritons.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Resonance-free Fabry-Pérot cavity via unrestricted orbital-angular-momentum ladder-up.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Ultrafast space-time optical merons in momentum-energy space.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Optical spatiotemporal Fourier synthesis: tutorial.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
10:46

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

Published on: September 18, 2012

19.4K

Optical coherency matrix tomography.

Kumel H Kagalwala1, H Esat Kondakci1, Ayman F Abouraddy1

  • 1CREOL, The College of Optics &Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.

Scientific Reports
|October 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed optical coherency matrix tomography to fully measure the coherence of light beams with multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). This method reconstructs the complete 4x4 coherency matrix, enabling new optical measurements.

More Related Videos

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography
07:44

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: July 24, 2020

3.6K
Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography
08:50

Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: February 9, 2019

8.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
10:46

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

Published on: September 18, 2012

19.4K
In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography
07:44

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: July 24, 2020

3.6K
Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography
08:50

Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: February 9, 2019

8.3K

Area of Science:

  • Classical Optics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Electromagnetic Theory

Background:

  • The coherence of optical beams with multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) is critical for understanding light-matter interactions.
  • The complete coherency matrix (G) for multi-DoF beams, even a 4x4 matrix for two binary DoFs, has not been experimentally measured.
  • Existing methods are insufficient for fully characterizing the complex coherence properties of such beams.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a versatile and methodical approach for the complete experimental measurement of optical coherency matrices.
  • To reconstruct the full 4x4 coherency matrix (G) for optical beams with polarization and spatial degrees of freedom.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method across various optical configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Optical coherency matrix tomography, analogous to quantum state tomography.
  • Reconstruction of the coherency matrix (G) from a minimal set of linearly independent measurements.
  • Utilizing cascades of projective measurements for each degree of freedom (DoF).

Main Results:

  • The first experimental measurement of the complete 4x4 optical coherency matrix (G) for an electromagnetic beam.
  • Demonstration of the technique for beams involving polarization and spatial DoFs, including Young's double slit, spatial parity, and orbital angular momentum modes.
  • Successful reconstruction of G, providing a comprehensive description of beam coherence.

Conclusions:

  • Optical coherency matrix tomography provides a complete and versatile method for measuring optical beam coherence.
  • This technique opens new avenues for characterizing complex optical fields and their interactions.
  • The analogy with quantum state tomography proves effective for classical optical measurements.