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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.1K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Advanced Developments in Cyclic Polymers: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives.

Yinghuai Zhu1, Narayan S Hosmane2

  • 1Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore.

Chemistryopen
|October 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cyclic polymers exhibit unique properties compared to linear ones, offering potential in therapeutics and catalysis. Further research is needed to overcome challenges in molecular weight control and application development.

Keywords:
click chemistrycyclic polymersmetathesisring-closing polymerizationring-expansion polymerizationzwitterionic ring opening

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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cyclic polymers possess distinct physical and biological properties due to their topology, differing from linear polymers.
  • Advanced synthesis and analysis enable characterization of various cyclic polymer topologies, including multicyclic structures.
  • Cyclic DNA, prepared via click chemistry, shows enhanced stability and therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthetic methodologies for cyclic polymers.
  • To highlight functional cyclic polymer materials and their properties.
  • To discuss potential applications of cyclic polymers in various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Summary of common synthetic routes for cyclic polymers.
  • Characterization techniques for cyclic polymer structures.
  • Exploration of functionalization strategies.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic polymers demonstrate increased resistance to degradation and high thermodynamic stability.
  • Applications in catalysis, such as catalyst supports, have been developed.
  • Large-scale production of highly pure cyclic polymers is becoming feasible.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic polymers hold significant promise for therapeutic and catalytic applications.
  • Challenges remain in controlling molecular weight and identifying broad applications.
  • Continued research is expected to unlock further potential for cyclic polymers.