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Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...
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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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The unit rectangular pulse function is mathematically represented by a rectangular function centered at the origin with a height of one unit. This function is defined by two parameters: T, which specifies the center location of the pulse along the time axis, and τ, which determines the pulse duration.
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The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Ray tracing method in arbitrarily shaped radial graded-index waveguide.

Kenji Tsukada, Eisuke Nihei

    Applied Optics
    |October 20, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new ray tracing algorithm enables optical simulations for complex graded index waveguides. This method accurately models refractive index variations, improving waveguide design and analysis.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Physics

    Background:

    • Graded index waveguides are crucial optical components.
    • Accurate modeling of light propagation is essential for waveguide design.
    • Existing ray tracing methods may struggle with arbitrary waveguide geometries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel ray tracing algorithm for arbitrarily shaped axially symmetric graded index waveguides.
    • To provide a precise explanation and error evaluation of the proposed algorithm.
    • To introduce a method for reducing computation time.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a ray tracing algorithm by discretizing the waveguide's optical axis.
    • Approximated the distance from ray position to the optical axis using the shortest distance to a discrete point.

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  • Implemented the algorithm for ray tracing in various waveguide configurations.

    • Main Results:

    • The algorithm successfully performs ray tracing for arbitrarily shaped axially symmetric graded index waveguides.
    • Precise explanation and error analysis of the algorithm are provided.
    • A technique to significantly reduce computing time was developed and included.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed ray tracing algorithm offers a versatile solution for simulating light propagation in complex waveguide structures.
    • The method allows for accurate refractive index calculations based on ray position.
    • The inclusion of a time-reduction technique enhances the algorithm's practical applicability in optical engineering.