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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
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Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines01:27

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The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx  and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
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Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
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Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates01:16

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Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
Consider a cross-section of a thin, infinite conducting plate having a positive charge. For such a large thin plate, as the thickness of the plate tends to zero, the positive charges lie on the plate's two large faces. Without an external electric field, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

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Focused terahertz waves generated by a phase velocity gradient in a parallel-plate waveguide.

Robert W McKinney, Yasuaki Monnai, Rajind Mendis

    Optics Express
    |October 20, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    We demonstrate focusing of terahertz (THz) beams using a specially designed parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG). This novel method controls beam divergence for potential THz communication applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optics
    • Waveguide Technology

    Background:

    • Terahertz (THz) radiation offers unique properties for various applications.
    • Efficiently directing and focusing THz beams in free space remains a challenge.
    • Leaky waveguides provide a mechanism for controlled radiation into free space.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the focusing of a free-space THz beam.
    • To utilize a parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) with gradient plate separation for beam control.
    • To explore the application of this technique in THz communication systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Designing and fabricating a PPWG with a gradient in plate separation.
    • Launching a TE1 mode within the PPWG, causing it to leak into free space.
    • Experimentally measuring the focusing of the radiated THz beam at 100 GHz and 170 GHz.
    • Comparing experimental results with numerical simulations.

    Main Results:

    • Successful focusing of the free-space THz beam was experimentally achieved.
    • The gradient plate separation effectively controlled the leaky wave angle and beam divergence.
    • Measurements at 100 GHz and 170 GHz validated the focusing concept.
    • Experimental data showed good agreement with numerical simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • A PPWG with gradient plate separation can effectively focus free-space THz beams.
    • This technique offers a method for controlling beam divergence in THz radiation.
    • The proposed concept is promising for developing flat, wide-aperture beam-formers for THz communications.