The caverno-apical triangle: anatomic-pathological considerations and pictorial review
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
Published on: June 9, 2023
Jared Narvid1, Jason F Talbott1, Christine M Glastonbury1
1Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Background:
The caverno-apical triangle (CAT) is defined from the components that define its contours: the cavernous sinus and the orbital apex. A wide range of pathologies arise from the space between the cavernous sinus and the orbital apex.
Object:
To better define radiologically this critical anatomic landmark and establish an organized approach for image analysis to help generate focused differential diagnoses and accurately characterize lesions found on imaging.
Conclusion:
We have identified common imaging characteristics of frequently encountered lesions and divided them into specific categories to facilitate creation of logical and focused differential diagnoses.
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