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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
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Lactate and its many faces.

Marjan Taher1, Wilhelmina G Leen2, Ron A Wevers3

  • 1Departments of Paediatric Neurology, Donders Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society
|October 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, once viewed as waste, is now recognized as a vital alternative fuel for the brain. This review highlights lactate's potential benefits in managing neurological disorders, despite slow clinical adoption.

Keywords:
Brain energy metabolismBrain injuryGLUT1 deficiency syndromeGlycogen storage diseaseLactateMitochondrial disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Research
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Lactate traditionally signifies ischemia and anaerobic glycolysis byproduct.
  • Recent research reveals lactate as a beneficial, glucose-sparing fuel source.
  • Clinical application of these findings lags significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of glucose and lactate in cerebral energy metabolism.
  • To examine lactate's function in specific clinical scenarios involving brain energy deficits.
  • To highlight lactate's underappreciated clinical potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focused on cerebral energy metabolism.
  • Analysis of studies involving glucose and lactate dynamics.
  • Examination of clinical cases: hypoglycemia, neuroglycopenia, mitochondrial disorders, and brain injuries.

Main Results:

  • Lactate serves as an alternative fuel in conditions like glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome and glycogen storage disease.
  • Evidence suggests a protective role for lactate in ischemic and traumatic brain injury.
  • Lactate's beneficial effects in neurological conditions are increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate possesses a potentially beneficial role in managing various neurological disorders.
  • The clinical utility of lactate in neurology remains largely overlooked.
  • Further clinical integration of lactate's benefits is warranted.