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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Mortality in Older Men.

G I Hackett

    Drug Safety
    |October 21, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) offers established benefits for sexual function, muscle mass, mood, and bone health. Recent evidence suggests TRT is not linked to increased cardiovascular risk when administered appropriately.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Men's Health
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Debate continues regarding the risks, benefits, and appropriate use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).
    • US prescriptions for testosterone have tripled, while European trends are lower, prompting scrutiny of prescribing practices.
    • Factors like advertising, convenient formulations, and routine testing for conditions like erectile dysfunction (ED) and diabetes influence TRT initiation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the most recent evidence on the benefits and risks associated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).
    • To clarify the cardiovascular implications and safety profile of TRT.
    • To address concerns regarding appropriate TRT prescribing and usage.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent studies and regulatory agency conclusions (FDA, EMA) on TRT.

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  • Analysis of evidence regarding TRT's impact on sexual function, body composition, mood, bone health, prostate health, and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Examination of study designs and potential flaws in research reporting increased risks.

    • Main Results:

    • Established benefits of TRT include improved sexual function, increased lean muscle mass and strength, enhanced mood and cognitive function, and potential reductions in frailty and osteoporosis.
    • No consistent evidence links TRT to increased prostate cancer risk or symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.
    • Recent studies indicate that TRT, when normalizing serum testosterone levels, is associated with reduced all-cause mortality, contrary to earlier flawed studies.
    • The transdermal route may carry a relatively higher risk due to conversion to dihydrotestosterone, while long-acting injections may decrease cardiovascular risk.
    • Regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA have issued differing statements, with the EMA finding no consistent evidence of increased cardiovascular risk.

    Conclusions:

    • TRT offers significant benefits for men with documented testosterone deficiency.
    • Concerns about cardiovascular risks are largely attributed to flawed study designs and inappropriate patient selection.
    • Further long-term safety data are needed, but current evidence supports the appropriate use of TRT for established hypogonadism.