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Antipredator defenses predict diversification rates.

Kevin Arbuckle1, Michael P Speed2

  • 1Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom k.arbuckle@liverpool.ac.uk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Antipredator defenses impact animal diversification. Chemical defenses increase speciation but also extinction, while conspicuous coloration boosts speciation without raising extinction risks.

Keywords:
amphibianscoevolutionescape-and-radiateextinctionspeciation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Macroevolution
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The "escape-and-radiate" hypothesis links antipredator defenses to adaptive radiations and speciation.
  • Diverse antipredator strategies exist, including chemical defenses and conspicuous coloration.
  • Macroevolutionary consequences of these alternative defenses are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the macroevolutionary consequences of antipredator defenses in amphibians.
  • To evaluate the "escape-and-radiate" hypothesis's predictions regarding speciation and extinction rates.
  • To investigate how different defensive traits influence diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale empirical analysis of amphibian lineages.
  • Comparative study of speciation and extinction rates across defensive traits.
  • Examination of chemical defenses and conspicuous coloration effects.

Main Results:

  • Amphibian lineages with chemical defenses exhibit higher speciation but also higher extinction rates, leading to reduced net diversification.
  • Conspicuous coloration is linked to increased speciation rates with no significant change in extinction rates.
  • The "escape-and-radiate" hypothesis requires modification to include extinction dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Antipredator defenses have significant, varied macroevolutionary impacts beyond just speciation.
  • Diversification predictions must account for both speciation and extinction effects of traits.
  • Defensive traits may inform extinction risk prediction, particularly for threatened amphibians.