On the significance of an anthropological approach to schizophrenia

Psychotic disturbances like those termed schizophrenia are universal in human groups. Anthropological and social historical studies underscore the varied appearance and significance of such disturbances. In contemporary psychiatry, neurobiological emphases and the exigencies of positivistic research have tended to standardize the picture of schizophrenia. This is reflected in the rationale, methodology and results of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS), which have tended to support the validity of diagnostic criteria that have evolved in modern Western European societies. Thus, contemporary psychiatric theory appears to stipulate a homogeneous picture of a phenomenon that abounds with social, cultural and psychological complexity as well as human poignancy. There are reasons for challenging this picture of schizophrenia and the biases and limitations in it. Reductionistic and standardized accounts may further immediate, short-range, and practical needs, but they be-cloud academic questions having wide-ranging significance in psychiatry, the social sciences, and the humanities.