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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Understanding the Odour Spaces: A Step towards Solving Olfactory Stimulus-Percept Problem.

Ritesh Kumar1, Rishemjit Kaur2, Benjamin Auffarth3

  • 1CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.

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Summary

Understanding the link between a molecule's structure and its smell (Structure-Odour-Relationship) is challenging. This study developed methods to map odour molecules to perceptual qualities, enabling prediction of a novel molecule's smell from its properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemosensation research
  • Computational chemistry
  • Sensory science

Background:

  • Odours are complex, involving numerous receptors, leading to subjective smell perception and descriptions.
  • The Structure-Odour-Relationship (SOR) problem, mapping molecular properties to perceived smells, remains a significant challenge in olfaction research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop methods for mapping odour molecules to perceptual representations.
  • To address the difficulty in predicting odour perception from molecular structure.
  • To establish a predictive model for odour qualities based on physico-chemical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Collected diverse odour molecule databases with unorganized perceptual descriptors.
  • Developed a graphical method for assessing perceptual descriptor similarity and identifying perceptual classes.
  • Utilized non-linear dimensionality reduction to project and cluster physico-chemical and perceptual features separately.
  • Employed statistical modeling for predicting perceptual qualities from physico-chemical properties.

Main Results:

  • A significant overlap was observed between clustered molecules in physico-chemical and perceptual spaces.
  • The developed graphical method effectively identified perceptual classes.
  • A statistical model achieved high accuracy (high receiver operating characteristics) in predicting perceptual qualities of novel molecules.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully established a link between molecular physico-chemical properties and perceived odour qualities.
  • The developed methods provide a novel approach to understanding and predicting the Structure-Odour-Relationship.
  • This research offers a foundation for predicting odour perception and designing molecules with desired olfactory characteristics.