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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries...
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The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Mechanical Separation and Protein Solubilization of the Outer and Inner Perivitelline Sublayers from Hen's Eggs
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Chicken Egg Shell Membrane Associated Proteins and Peptides.

Sarbjeet Makkar1, Rohana Liyanage1, Lakshmi Kannan1

  • 1Poultry Production & Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; ‡Department of Poultry Science; #State Wide Mass Spectrometry Facility; and ⊥Cell & Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States.

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Egg shell membranes (ESM) contain abundant bioactive proteins, including antimicrobials and immunomodulators. This byproduct shows potential as a feed supplement to enhance poultry immunity and disease resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Animal Science
  • Poultry Nutrition

Background:

  • Egg shell membranes (ESM) are poultry industry byproducts.
  • ESM show potential as a feed supplement to improve post-hatch poultry immunity and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the protein and peptide profiles of egg shell membranes (ESM).
  • To explore the potential of ESM as a feed supplement for poultry.

Main Methods:

  • Proteins were extracted from ESM using methanol and guanidine hydrochloride (GdHCl).
  • Analysis involved mass spectrometry (MALDI, ESI), HPLC, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
  • GdHCl extracts underwent trypsin digestion after protein reduction and alkylation.

Main Results:

  • Nine proteins were identified in the methanol extract; over 275 proteins were identified in the GdHCl extract.
  • Abundant proteins included ovoalbumin, ovotransferrin, lysozyme, collagens, keratin, and defensins (e.g., gallin isoforms).
  • Gallin isoform ratios varied between membranes from brown and white eggs.

Conclusions:

  • ESM possess a high abundance of antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and bioactive proteins.
  • ESM's properties suggest suitability as a vehicle for oral immunization in poultry.
  • ESM could enhance disease resistance and performance in post-hatch poultry.