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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization01:21

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Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...
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Cardiac Catheterization IV: Nursing Management01:26

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Nursing responsibilities before cardiac catheterization include:Assess for allergies and establish baseline health status.Before cardiac catheterization, assess the patient for allergies to contrast dye. Perform a comprehensive baseline assessment, including vital signs, heart and breath sounds, and a neurovascular assessment of the extremities, noting distal pulses, skin color, and temperature. Instruct the patient to fast for 8-12 hours before the procedure. Evaluate baseline laboratory...
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Cardiac Catheterization I: Pre-Procedure Overview01:28

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Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Paradoxical embolism after cardiac catheterization.

G M Edlund1, I R Odderson2, J H Leggett3

  • 1University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases : the Official Journal of National Stroke Association
|October 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paradoxical embolism, a rare cause of stroke, occurred in a patient via an undiagnosed atrial septal defect. This case highlights the need to consider paradoxical emboli in unexplained strokes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Paradoxical embolism accounts for <2% of arterial emboli.
  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is implicated in up to one-third of cryptogenic strokes.
  • Venous thromboembolism can lead to paradoxical embolism through cardiac septal defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of paradoxical embolism secondary to femoral vein compression.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering paradoxical embolism in stroke etiology.
  • To review literature on the diagnosis and management of paradoxical embolism.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 69-year-old woman with stroke.
  • Diagnostic workup included transthoracic echocardiography with bubble contrast.
  • Management involved inferior vena cava filter placement and anticoagulation.

Main Results:

  • A thrombus from the lower extremity venous system embolized to the right middle cerebral artery via an atrial septal defect.
  • The patient developed a stroke with significant neurological deficits.
  • Echocardiography confirmed a small PFO with right-to-left shunting.

Conclusions:

  • Paradoxical embolism should be considered in patients with cryptogenic stroke, especially with risk factors for venous thromboembolism.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent further embolic events.
  • Atrial septal defects, including PFO, are important potential routes for paradoxical emboli.