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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Integrins01:10

Integrins

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Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Integrator and Differentiator01:13

Integrator and Differentiator

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Op-amp circuits have significant applications in various fields, including automotive engineering. One such application is cruise control systems in cars, where op-amp circuits are integral for maintaining a constant speed. In these systems, op-amps function as both integrators and differentiators.
An integrator within an op-amp circuit produces an output directly proportional to the integral of the input signal. This is achieved by replacing the feedback resistor in a typical inverting...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes
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Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons.

Yang Deng1, Xuerui Bao2, Lili Ji3

  • 1College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China. 363065247@qq.com.

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
|October 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. This review examines integrons in China, highlighting their role in the spread of "Super Bugs" due to widespread antibiotic misuse.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Public Health
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Indiscriminate antibiotic use in clinical and veterinary settings drives microbial antibiotic resistance, a major global public health concern.
  • China faces a severe antibiotic abuse problem, with prescriptions significantly higher than in the UK, creating a hotspot for "Super Bug" emergence.
  • Antimicrobial resistance is spreading widely across diverse microorganisms, complicating future bacterial infection treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of integrons in the clinical and environmental settings.
  • To focus on the occurrence and prevalence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in Guangzhou, China.
  • To understand the contribution of integrons to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Integron surveillance data from Guangzhou, China, over the past decade.
  • Review of existing literature on integron prevalence and function.
  • Analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns linked to integron carriage.

Main Results:

  • Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons are prevalent in both clinical and environmental samples in Guangzhou.
  • Integrons are key drivers in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
  • High rates of antibiotic abuse correlate with increased integron prevalence.

Conclusions:

  • Integrons play a critical role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance in China.
  • Effective strategies to curb antibiotic abuse are essential to control integron-mediated resistance.
  • Continued surveillance of integrons is crucial for public health protection.